Malaria has been a major global health problem of humans through history and is a leading
cause of death and disease across many tropical and subtropical countries. Over the last …

Tetraspanins are a family of proteins with four transmembrane domains that play a role in
many aspects of cell biology and physiology; they are also used by several pathogens for …

Fully effective vaccines for complex infections must elicit a diverse repertoire of antibodies
(humoral immunity) and CD8+ T-cell responses (cellular immunity). Here, we present a …

Antibodies can impact pathogens in the presence or in the absence of effector cells or
effector molecules such as complement, and experiments can often sort out with precision …

The liver has vital metabolic and clearance functions that involve the uptake of nutrients,
waste products and pathogens from the blood. In addition, its unique immunoregulatory …

Cell-surface proteins of the tetraspanin family are small, and often hidden by a canopy of tall
glycoprotein neighbours in the cell membrane. Consequently, tetraspanins have been …

Membrane lipids and proteins are non-randomly distributed and are unable to diffuse freely
in the plane of the membrane. This is because of multiple constraints imposed both by the …

▪ Abstract This review summarizes key aspects of tetraspanin proteins, with a focus on the
functional relevance and structural features of these proteins and how they are organized …

Plasmodium sporozoites are deposited in the skin of their vertebrate hosts through the bite
of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Most of these parasites find a blood vessel and …

Plasmodium sporozoites are the product of a complex developmental process in the
mosquito vector and are destined to infect the mammalian liver. Attention has been drawn to …