Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems have received increasing attention for their diverse
identities, structures, and functional implications in cell cycle arrest and survival against …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes.
They encode toxin proteins that interfere with vital cellular functions and are counteracted by …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are known to play various roles in physiological processes,
such as gene regulation, growth arrest and survival, in bacteria exposed to environmental …

Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and
its antidote, which form a self-regulating genetic system. Antitoxins put a halter on toxins in …

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome harbors nine toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems that are
members of the mazEF family, unlike other prokaryotes, which have only one or two …

Escherichia coli MazF (EcMazF) is the archetype of a large family of ribonucleases involved
in bacterial stress response. The crystal structure of EcMazF in complex with a 7-nucleotide …

Of the 10 paralogs of MazEF Toxin-Antitoxin system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MazEF6
plays an important role in multidrug tolerance, virulence, stress adaptation and Non …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are pairs of genes essential for bacterial regulation upon
environmental stresses. The mazEF module encodes the MazF toxin and its cognate MazE …

Many bacterial pathogens modulate their metabolic activity, virulence and pathogenicity
through so-called “toxin–antitoxin”(TA) modules. The genome of the human pathogen …

Bacteria can become transiently tolerant to several classes of antibiotics. This phenomenon
known as persistence is regulated by small genetic elements called toxin–antitoxin modules …