For many decades, sleep researchers have sought to determine which species 'have'rapid
eye movement (REM) sleep. In doing so, they relied predominantly on a template derived …

The flexion or flexor reflex (FR) recorded in the lower limbs in humans (LLFR) is a widely
investigated neurophysiological tool. It is a polysynaptic and multisegmental spinal …

During development, information about the three-dimensional shape and mechanical
properties of the body is laid down in the synaptic connectivity of sensorimotor systems …

Adult mammals cycle between periods of sleep and wakefulness. Recent assessments of
these cycles in humans and other mammals [Lo, CC, Amaral, LAN, Havlin, S., Ivanov, P. Ch …

Central chemoreception is active early in development and likely drives fetal breathing
movements, which are influenced by a combination of behavioral state and powerful …

Study objectives: Previous investigators have suggested that quiet sleep (QS) in rats
develops rapidly upon the emergence of cortical delta activity around postnatal day (P) 11 …

Sleep is a poorly understood behavior that predominates during infancy but is studied
almost exclusively in adults. One perceived impediment to investigations of sleep early in …

The neonatal hippocampus exhibits regularly recurring waves of synchronized neuronal
activity in vitro. Because active sleep (AS), characterized by bursts of phasic motor activity in …

Early stages of sensorimotor system development in mammals are characterized by the
occurrence of spontaneous movements. Whether and how these movements support …

We recently reported that the majority of hippocampal neurons in newborn rats increase
their activity in association with myoclonic twitches, which are indicative of active sleep …