As a highly social species, humans are equipped with a powerful tool for social
communication—the face. Although seemingly simple, the human face can elicit multiple …

Digit ratio (2D: 4D: the relative lengths of the second and fourth digits) is widely used as a
correlate of prenatal sex steroids. There are two common methods of measuring 2D: 4D, the …

Objectives: Our aims are, first, to describe the sex difference in the length ratio of the second
and fourth digits (2D: 4D), which likely reflects prenatal testosterone levels in humans …

Many human behaviors, from mating to food acquisition and aggressiveness, entail some
degree of risk. Testosterone, a steroid hormone, has been implicated in a wide range of …

Prenatal testosterone may have a powerful masculinizing effect on postnatal physical
characteristics. However, no study has directly tested this hypothesis. Here, we report a 20 …

We used self-reported direct finger measurements from 255,116 participants in a BBC
Internet survey to investigate the measurement of 2D: 4D ratios and their association with …

The ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth fingers (2D: 4D) may serve as a marker for
prenatal androgen signaling. Because people are typically unaware of their 2D: 4D, its use …

Relationships between androgens and the size of sexually dimorphic male traits have been
demonstrated in several non-human species. It is often assumed that a similar relationship …

Despite substantial literature surrounding how people process and perceive faces, there is
very little research investigating how people evaluate their own faces. We examined how …

Trustworthiness and dominance impressions summarize trait judgments from faces.
Judgments on these key traits are negatively correlated to each other in impressions of …