There are no planets intermediate in size between Earth and Neptune in our Solar System,
yet these objects are found around a substantial fraction of other stars. Population statistics …

Aerosols are common in the atmospheres of exoplanets across a wide swath of
temperatures, masses and ages,–. These aerosols strongly impact observations of …

Observations of exoplanet atmospheres have shown that aerosols, like in the solar system,
are common across a variety of temperatures and planet types. The formation and …

The near-infrared transmission spectrum of the warm sub-Neptune exoplanet GJ 1214 b has
been observed to be flat and featureless, implying a high metallicity atmosphere with …

A planetary atmosphere is the outer gas layer of a planet. Besides its scientific significance
among the first and most accessible planetary layers observed from space, it is closely …

We present a search for helium in the upper atmospheres of three sub-Neptune-sized
planets to investigate the origins of these ubiquitous objects. The detection of helium for a …

Atmospheric retrievals of exoplanetary transmission spectra provide important constraints on
various properties, such as chemical abundances, cloud/haze properties, and characteristic …

Recent JWST observations of the sub-Neptune GJ 1214 b suggest that it hosts a high-
metallicity (≳ 100× solar), hazy atmosphere. Emission spectra of the planet show molecular …

The observed mass–radius relationship of low-mass planets informs our understanding of
their composition and evolution. Recent discoveries of low-mass, large-radius objects (" …

Recent transmission spectroscopy has revealed that clouds and hazes are common in the
atmospheres of close-in exoplanets. In this study, using the photochemical, microphysical …