Between fifty and ten thousand years ago, most large mammals became extinct everywhere
except Africa. Slow-breeding animals also were hard hit, regardless of size. This unusual …

Despite progress in the past decade, researchers struggle to evaluate the hypothesis that
environmental conditions compromise immunity and facilitate new disease outbreaks. In this …

Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have been produced by nano-biotech companies in
recent decades to generate innovative goods in various fields, including agriculture …

The widespread use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in a variety of technologies and
consumer products inevitably causes their release into aquatic environments and final …

Plastic pollution represents one of the major threats to the marine environment. A wide
range of marine organisms has been shown to ingest microplastics due to their small …

Marine nano-ecotoxicology has emerged with the purpose to assess the environmental risks
associated with engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) among contaminants of emerging …

A survey for immune genes in the genome for the purple sea urchin has shown that the
immune system is complex and sophisticated. By inference, immune responses of all …

The Echinodermata are an ancient phylum of benthic marine invertebrates with a dispersal-
stage planktonic larva. These animals have innate immune systems characterized initially by …

Mechanical injury is a prevalent challenge in the lives of animals with myriad potential
consequences for organisms, including reduced fitness and death. Research on animal …

Echinoderms, an ancient and very successful phylum of marine invertebrates, play a central
role in the maintenance of ecosystem integrity and are constantly exposed to environmental …