The cell membrane, the boundary that separates living cells from their environment, has
been the subject of study for over a century. The fluid-mosaic model of Singer and Nicolson …

For many solid malignancies, lymph node (LN) involvement represents a harbinger of
distant metastatic disease and, therefore, an important prognostic factor. Beyond its utility as …

Intrauterine viral infections during pregnancy by pathogens such as Zika virus,
Cytomegalovirus, Rubella and Herpes Simplex virus can lead to prenatal as well as …

Activation of the JAK–STAT pathway by type I interferons (IFNs) requires clathrin-dependent
endocytosis of the IFN-α and-β receptor (IFNAR), indicating a role for endosomal sorting in …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune-checkpoint protein expressed on cancer
cells, also functions independently of the immune system. We found that PD-L1 inhibits the …

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease mediated by antibodies against
components of the neuromuscular junction, particularly the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) …

SUMMARY Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful neurotropic pathogen
that primarily infects the epithelial cells lining the orofacial mucosa. After primary lytic …

Extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, exosomes, mediate intercellular communication
by transporting substrates with a variety of functions related to tissue homeostasis and …

The spatiotemporal organization of proteins and lipids on the cell surface has direct
functional consequences for signaling, sorting, and endocytosis. Earlier studies have shown …

The cGAS-STING signaling pathway can trigger innate immune responses by detecting
dsDNA from outside or within the host. In addition, the cGAS-STING signaling pathway has …