A large literature has found positive associations between economic freedom and income,
growth, and a variety of other desirable outcomes. This paper surveys the literature that …

Why did enduring traditions of economic and political liberty arise in Western Europe? An
answer to this question must be sought at the constitutional level. Within the medieval …

This article links Ukraine's response to Russia's unprovoked invasion in February 2022 to
institutional reforms in the decade before the current war. After the Revolution of Dignity in …

A growing number of studies explore the determinants of economic freedom. Very few of
them consider constitutional design. We study entrenchment, that is, the extent to which …

Successful constitutionalism is characterized by de jure Constitutional provisions de facto
binding political agents. A growing literature seeks to quantify cross-country variation in …

Rich economies are characterized by the coincidence of, on the one hand, high state
capacity and, on the other, well-functioning markets and the rule of law. They have states …

The standard political economy narrative of representative assemblies in Western Europe is
one of political bargaining and credible commitments. Monarchs sought to bargain with the …

Fiscal capacity is regularly linked to warfare and democratization. However, the majority of
income taxes–a cornerstone of government finance–were introduced by non-democratic …

Abstract Medieval monarchs in Western Europe responded to financial and military
pressures by instituting representative assemblies. Three estates (classes; orders) were …

Will a society's political agents provide good governance? An answer must be sought first
and foremost at the constitutional level. While Austrians have made important contributions …