Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D), which has currently become a global pandemic, is a
metabolic disease largely characterised by impaired insulin secretion and action. Significant …

Metabolic homeostasis in mammals is tightly regulated by the complementary actions of
insulin and glucagon. The secretion of these hormones from pancreatic β-cells and α-cells …

The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of
research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some …

Insulin and glucagon exert opposing effects on glucose metabolism and, consequently,
pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells are considered functional antagonists. The intra-islet …

The coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose
production is indispensable for the maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations …

The evolution of glucagon has seen the transition from an impurity in the preparation of
insulin to the development of glucagon receptor agonists for use in type 1 diabetes. In type 2 …

The intra-islet theory states that glucagon secretion is suppressed when insulin secretion is
stimulated, but glucagon's role in intra-islet paracrine regulation is controversial. This study …

During insulin-resistant states such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin fails to
suppress hepatic glucose production but promotes lipid synthesis leading to hyperglycemia …

Insulin resistance is associated with numerous metabolic disorders, such as obesity and
type II diabetes, that currently plague our society. Although insulin normally promotes …

The preproglucagon gene (Gcg) is expressed by specific enteroendocrine cells (L-cells) of
the intestinal mucosa, pancreatic islet α-cells, and a discrete set of neurons within the …