The origin and evolution of planetary protoatmospheres in relation to the protoplanetary disk
is discussed. The initial atmospheres of planets can mainly be related via two formation …

Ground-and space-based planet searches employing radial velocity techniques and transit
photometry have detected thousands of planet-hosting stars in the Milky Way. With so many …

This review presents an insight into our current knowledge of the atmospheres of the planets
Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, the satellite Titan, and those of …

Context. The current distribution of planet mass vs. incident stellar X-ray flux supports the
idea that photoevaporation of the atmosphere may take place in close-in planets. Integrated …

There is growing observational and theoretical evidence suggesting that atmospheric
escape is a key driver of planetary evolution. Commonly, planetary evolution models employ …

The detections of atomic hydrogen, heavy atoms and ions surrounding the extrasolar giant
planet (EGP) HD209458b constrain the composition, temperature and density profiles in its …

M dwarfs are the most numerous stars in the Galaxy. They are characterized by strong
magnetic activity. The ensuing high-energy emission is crucial for the evolution of their …

Context. The heating efficiency η hν is defined as the ratio of the net local gas-heating rate to
the rate of stellar radiative energy absorption. It plays an important role in thermal-escape …

Aims. We study the possible atmospheric mass loss from 57 known transiting exoplanets
around F, G, K, and M-type stars over evolutionary timescales. For stellar wind induced mass …

Exoplanets at small orbital distances from their host stars are submitted to intense levels of
energetic radiations, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet (EUV). Depending on the masses and …