We develop a theory of change for payments for environmental services (PES) to review
their imminent strengths and weaknesses in light of a growing body of impact evaluation …

The growing interest in causal inference in recent years has led to new causal inference
methodologies and their applications across disciplines and research domains. Yet, studies …

The Amazon biome, spanning nine countries, has one of the highest rates of deforestation
worldwide. This deforestation contributes to biodiversity loss, climate change, the spread of …

Concessions that grant logging rights to firms support economic development based on
forest resources. Eco-certifications put sustainability restrictions on the operations of those …

Governing land use to achieve sustainable outcomes is challenging, because land systems
manifest complex land use spillovers—ie processes by which land use changes or direct …

Moratoria on commodities produced in deforestation-risk areas have been shown to be
highly effective in reducing deforestation within targeted areas. Various studies have shown …

We evaluate the effects of “Water and Forest Producers”(PAF), a payment for ecosystem
services project, on forest cover outcomes in a watershed serving the Rio de Janeiro region …

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are becoming a global ecological protection
strategy used to promote sustainable social and economic development. However, the …

Incentive-based conservation has gained ample notoriety over recent decades, particularly
across Latin America where targeted incentives feature prominently in environmental …

Conditional incentives are a promising complementary approach to conserve tropical
forests, for example, in multiple-use protected areas. In this paper we analyze the …