The primary motor cortex (M1) receives dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental
area (VTA) through the mesocortical dopamine pathway. However, few studies have …

The anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus (ACo) is a chemosensory area of the cortical
amygdala that receives afferent projections from both the main and accessory olfactory …

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) regulates the activity of dopaminergic cells
in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In this study, the role of opioid receptors (OR) in the PPN …

For processing the development of psychological dependency, opioid reinforcement, and
opiate-related associative reward, learning, and memory in the brain, the ventral tegmental …

Brain lateralization, critical to mediation of cognitive functions and to “multitasking,” is
disrupted in conditions such as attention deficit disorder and schizophrenia. Both low-level …

The present study investigated whether the higher dopaminergic system activation in rats
with high (HRs) rather than low (LRs) locomotor activity in response to novelty depend on …

Background and purpose: Previous research has found that the electrical stimulation of the
ventral tegmental area (VTA) is involved in drug-dependent behaviors and plays a role in …

Context: The involvement of unilateral and bilateral inhibition of the ventral tegmental area
(VTA) in response to stress is not well understood. Objective: In the present study, the effect …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA), which may be one of the structures involved in regulation
of hippocampal theta rhythm, sends direct projections to the hippocampus and also to the …

Background: Addiction is known as a gradual process leading to the uncontrolled abuse of a
substance. The main problem facing the practitioners is the high rate of return among …