The interconnected nuclei of the ventral basal ganglia have long been identified as key
regulators of motivated behavior, and dysfunction of this circuit is strongly implicated in …

Behavioral disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are prevalent globally and touch
children and adults on a regular basis. Therefore, it is critical to comprehend how these …

Altered activity of the ventral pallidum (VP) underlies disrupted motivation in stress and drug
exposure. The VP is a very heterogeneous structure composed of many neuron types with …

Background An impaired intestinal barrier with the activation of corticotropin‐releasing factor
(CRF), Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), and proinflammatory cytokine signaling, resulting in …

Anxiety disorders are pervasive psychiatric disorders causing great suffering. The high
(HAB) and low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour rats were selectively bred to investigate …

Substance P (SP) and neurotensin (NT) are neuropeptides isolated in the periphery and in
the central nervous system. They are involved in various regulatory processes in the …

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid neuropeptide widely distributed in the CNS that has
been involved in the pathophysiology of many neural and psychiatric disorders. There are …

The central neurotensin system has been implicated in reward, memory processes, also in
the regulation of anxiety. However, the neural substrates where neurotensin acts to regulate …

Anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders. Neurotensin (NT) is a neuropeptide
widely distributed in the central nervous system, involved in the pathophysiology of many …

Exposure to stressful life events plays a central role in the development of mood disorders in
vulnerable individuals. However, the mechanisms that link mood disorders to stress are …