Orthodontic pain, the most cited negative effect arising from orthodontic force application, is
a major concern for parents, patients, and clinicians. Studies have reported this reaction to …

Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced
vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, including vascular …

Trigeminal neuralgia is the most common neuropathic pain involving the craniofacial region.
Due to the complex pathophysiology, it is therapeutically difficult to manage. Noradrenaline …

Migraine is currently conceptualized as a chronic disease with episodic manifestations. In
some patients, migraine attack frequency increases, leading to chronic migraine. Daily …

In the thalamus, noradrenergic output from the pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) may
actively shape the response properties of various sensory networks en route to the cortex …

Somatosensory information derived from the periodontal ligaments plays a critical role in
identifying the strength and direction of occlusal force. The orthodontic force needed to move …

Mitragyna speciosa (MS) has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes especially in
southern Thailand. Previously, an alkaloid extract of this plant was demonstrated to mediate …

Cortical excitation responding to periodontal ligament (PDL) stimulation is observed in the
rat primary somatosensory (S1), secondary somatosensory, and insular oral region of the …

Pain and discomfort are common problems for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
We have demonstrated that cortical excitation propagation in the somatosensory and insular …

Aging is related to a variety of physiological organ changes, including central and peripheral
nervous systems. It has been reported that the orexin signaling has a potential analgesic …