Periodontitis is an infection-driven inflammatory disease, which is characterized by gingival
inflammation and bone loss. Periodontitis is associated with various systemic diseases …

The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria were first described more
than 50 years ago. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in biogenesis began to be …

Periodontitis is a common intraoral infection and is inextricably linked to systemic diseases.
Recently, the regulation between host immunologic response and periodontal pathogens …

Abstract Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) have received increased attention in recent years
as a vaccine platform against bacterial pathogens. OMV from Neisseria meningitidis …

Plants are sessile organisms that are under constant attack from microbes. They rely on both
preformed defenses, and their innate immune system to ward of the microbial pathogens …

Bacterial sepsis is a major cause of fatality worldwide. Sepsis is a multi-step process that
involves an uncontrolled inflammatory response by the host cells that may result in multi …

Acute lung injury in humans is characterized histopathologically by neutrophilic alveolitis,
injury of the alveolar epithelium and endothelium, hyaline membrane formation, and …

It is currently thought that immune responses are initiated by pathogen-associated molecular
patterns or by tissue-derived danger/alarm signals. Here, we propose that these two groups …

Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also referred to as endotoxin, is the major
constituent of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of virtually all Gram-negative bacteria …