This paper presents the Universality Argument that pleasure is goodness. It proceeds from a
moral sense theory that analyzes moral concepts as concerned with what all should hope …

I argue that Schopenhauer's views on the foundations of morality challenge the widely-held
belief that moral realism requires cognitivism about moral judgments. Schopenhauer's core …

The Reliability Argument assesses the psychological processes generating moral belief to
determine how reliably they produce truth. Phenomenal introspection is the process of …