Under physiological conditions, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is present at low levels in the
extracellular milieu, being massively released by stressed or dying cells. Once outside the …

Purinergic signalling, ie, the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was
proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when …

Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are intracellular molecules released from
infected or injured cells to activate inflammatory and reparatory responses. One of the most …

The mechanisms of chronic infections caused by opportunistic pathogens are of keen
interest to both researchers and health professionals globally. Typically, chronic infectious …

Severe, steroid‐resistant asthma is clinically and economically important since affected
individuals do not respond to mainstay corticosteroid treatments for asthma. Patients with …

The human P2X7 receptor is a two‐transmembrane ionotropic receptor which has a
ubiquitous distribution and is most highly expressed on immune cells. In macrophages and …

Severe steroid-resistant asthma is clinically important, as patients with this form of the
disease do not respond to mainstay corticosteroid therapies. The heterogeneity of this form …

P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel that upon agonist interaction leads to cellular
influx of Na+ and Ca 2+ and efflux of K+. P2X7 is expressed by a wide variety of cells and its …

Extracellular ATP, released at sites of inflammation or tissue damage, activates the P2X 7
receptor, which in turn triggers a range of responses also including cell proliferation. In this …

ATP is an extracellular signal for the immune system, particularly during an inflammatory
response. It is sensed by the P2X7 receptor, the expression of which is upregulated by pro …