Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) regulate the rewarding actions of
nicotine contained in tobacco that establish and maintain the smoking habit. nAChRs also …

Nicotine is a highly addictive drug found in tobacco that drives its continued use despite the
harmful consequences. The initiation of nicotine abuse involves the mesolimbic dopamine …

Nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to establish
and maintain reinforcement. Nicotine also induces anxiety through an as yet unknown …

Nicotine stimulates the dopamine (DA) system, which is essential for its rewarding effect.
Nicotine is also aversive at high doses; yet, our knowledge about nicotine's dose-dependent …

Despite decades of research and anti-tobacco messaging, nicotine addiction remains an
important public health problem leading to hundreds of thousands of deaths each year …

Tobacco addiction is highly co-morbid with a variety of mental health conditions, including
schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders. Nicotine, the primary psychoactive compound in …

Background Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) differ from combustible cigarettes
given that nicotine-salt or nicotine-freebase may be used depending on the product. We …

Introduction A wide variety of nicotine concentrations and formulations are available to users
of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). This is increasingly true when considering …

A link between gut dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of brain disorders has been identified. A
role for gut bacteria in drug reward and addiction has been suggested but very few studies …

Background Feather pecking (FP) in laying hens reduces animal welfare and leads to
economic losses for the layer industry. FP is considered a heritable condition that is …