Introduction Once established in the human population, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus
(H1N1pdm09) was repeatedly introduced into swine populations globally with subsequent …

Since the influenza pandemic in 2009, there has been an increased focus on swine
influenza A virus (swIAV) surveillance. This paper describes the results of the surveillance of …

Background Since its emergence in March 2009, the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus
has posed a serious threat to public health. To trace the evolutionary path of these new …

The degree of antigenic drift in swine influenza A viruses (swIAV) has historically been
regarded as minimal compared to that of human influenza A virus strains. However, as …

The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 A/goose/Guangdong/1996
lineage (Gs/GD) is endemic in poultry across several countries in the world and has caused …

Background In April 2009, a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza A H1N1 virus
(“A/H1N1pdm”; also known as SOIV) was detected and spread globally as the first influenza …

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection in swine plays an important role in the ecology of influenza
viruses. The emergence of new IAV s comes through different mechanisms, with the genetic …

Pigs can be severely harmed by influenza, and represent important reservoir hosts, in which
new human pathogens such as the recent pandemic swine-origin H1N1 influenza A virus …

Although a large number of immune epitopes have been identified in the influenza A virus
(IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) protein using various experimental systems, it is unclear which are …

The emergence of the influenza (H1N1) 2009 virus provided a unique opportunity to study
the evolution of a pandemic virus following its introduction into the human population …