In recent years, an increasingly detailed picture of gastrointestinal dysfunction in the setting
of Parkinson's disease has emerged. Abnormalities of function may occur at virtually all …

Botulinum neurotoxin is the therapy of choice for all forms of cervical dystonia (CD), but
treatment regimens still vary considerably. The interpretation of treatment outcome is mainly …

Abstract Botulinum neurotoxin E (BoNT/E) is one of the major causes of human botulism and
paradoxically also a promising therapeutic agent. Here we determined the co-crystal …

Here we provide behavioural evidence for an axonal transport and the central origin of the
antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). In rats we investigated the …

We investigated antinociceptive activity of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in a model of
diabetic neuropathic pain in rats. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic by a single …

Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is a toxin produced by the naturally-occurring Clostridium
botulinum that causes botulism. The potential of BoNT/A as a useful medical intervention …

Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm are the two most common craniofacial movement
disorders. Blepharospasm is a syndrome characterized by excessive or continuous eye …

The horizons of treatment options in dentistry are broadening rapidly. In this scenario,
applications of unconventional treatment options like use of botulinum toxin (BT) are gaining …

Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a bacterial toxin that could be used as a medicine. Clinical
applications of BTX have been expanding over the last 30 years and novel applications …

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation is an uncommon but debilitating condition of the
facial skeleton. The condition may be acute or chronic. Acute TMJ dislocation is common in …