Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

The discovery that transient elevations of calcium concentration occur in astrocytes, and
release'gliotransmitters' which act on neurons and vascular smooth muscle, led to the idea …

Dopamine is involved in physiological processes like learning and memory, motor control
and reward, and pathological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and addiction. In …

The identification of the presence of active signaling between astrocytes and neurons in a
process termed gliotransmission has caused a paradigm shift in our thinking about brain …

Oxytocin (OT) orchestrates social and emotional behaviors through modulation of neural
circuits. In the central amygdala, the release of OT modulates inhibitory circuits and, thereby …

Astrocytes, a major type of glial cell, are known to play key supportive roles in brain function,
contributing to ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis, maintaining the blood–brain barrier …

The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

The amygdala plays key roles in fear and anxiety. Studies of the amygdala have largely
focused on neuronal function and connectivity. Astrocytes functionally interact with neurons …

Accumulating evidence indicates that astrocytes are actively involved in brain function by
regulating synaptic activity and plasticity. Different gliotransmitters, such as glutamate, ATP …

The term 'tripartite synapse'refers to a concept in synaptic physiology based on the
demonstration of the existence of bidirectional communication between astrocytes and …