The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the complex meshwork of proteins and glycans that forms
the scaffold that surrounds and supports cells. It exerts key roles in all aspects of metazoan …

Nanocarriers have therapeutic potential to facilitate drug delivery, including biological
agents, small-molecule drugs, and nucleic acids. However, their efficiency is limited by …

Cellular versatility depends on accurate trafficking of diverse proteins to their organellar
destinations. For the secretory pathway (followed by approximately 30% of all proteins), the …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proved a promising small interfering RNA (siRNA)
delivery vehicle to mediate gene‐silencing. Tumour‐derived extracellular vesicles (TDEVs) …

Defects in membrane trafficking are hallmarks of neurodegeneration. Rab GTPases are key
regulators of membrane trafficking. Alterations of Rab GTPases, or the membrane …

The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular and non-lysosomal
protein degradation system. Thanks to its unique capacity of eliminating old, damaged …

Endomembrane trafficking is essential for all eukaryotic cells. The best-characterized
membrane trafficking organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus …

The Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds ACE2 to direct fusion with host cells. S
comprises a large external domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail …

Unfolded stress response (UPR) is a conserved cellular pathway involved in protein quality
control to maintain homeostasis under different conditions and disease states characterized …

Lysosomal degradation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) fragments by autophagy, termed ER-
phagy or reticulophagy, occurs under normal as well as stress conditions. The recent …