Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-
1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)–based immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have led …

Indoleamine 2, 3‐dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the initial rate‐limiting step in the
degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. When …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of an antigen-presenting cell which undertake a job on
capturing antigens coming from pathogens or tumors and presenting to T cells for immune …

The pandemic of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 affects
millions of people worldwide. There are still many unknown aspects to this infection which …

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by loss of immune
tolerance and chronic inflammation. It is pathogenesis complex and includes interaction …

Tryptophan (TRP) is an essential dietary amino acid that, unless otherwise committed to
protein synthesis, undergoes metabolism via the Tryptophan-Kynurenine (TRP-KYN) …

The kynurenine pathway (KP) is highly regulated in the immune system, where it promotes
immunosuppression in response to infection or inflammation. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase …

The metabolism of L-tryptophan (TRP) regulates homeostasis, immunity, and neuronal
function. Altered TRP metabolism has been implicated in the pathophysiology of various …

Interstitial kidney inflammation is present in various nephritides in which serum interleukin
23 (IL-23) is elevated. Here we showed that murine and human renal tubular epithelial cells …

Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the
kynurenine pathway's (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative …