Microglia/macrophages are the major immune cells involved in the defence against brain
damage. Their morphology and functional changes are correlated with the release of danger …

The past 20 years have seen a gain in knowledge on microglia biology and microglia
functions in disease that exceeds the expectations formulated when the microglia “immune …

Introduction: Chemokines play important roles in inflammation and in immune responses.
This article will discuss the current literature on the C–C chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and …

Understanding brain energy metabolism—neuroenergetics—is becoming increasingly
important as it can be identified repeatedly as the source of neurological perturbations …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), play a
pivotal role in both physiological and pathological conditions such as the restoration of CNS …

It has been nearly a century since the early description of microglia by Rio-Hortega; since
then many more biological and pathological features of microglia have been recognized …

Chronic pain is challenging to treat due to the limited therapeutic options and adverse side-
effects of therapies. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous …

Schizophrenia seems to be a heterogeneous disorder. Emerging evidence indicates that
low level neuroinflammation (LLNI) may not occur infrequently. Many infectious agents with …

The balance between controlling infection and limiting inflammation is particularly
precarious in the brain because of its unique vulnerability to the toxic effects of inflammation …

Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a member of the highly heterogeneous secretory protein family of
lipocalins and increases in its levels can contribute to neurodegeneration in the adult brain …