A Markov chain is commonly used in stock market analysis, manpower planning, and in
many other areas because of its efficiency in predicting long run behavior. However, the Air …

The air pollution index (API) is a common tool, which is often used for determining the quality
of air in the environment. In this study, a discrete-time Markov chain model is applied for …

Together with water and land, air is a fundamental necessity of life. Nevertheless, the
ambient air quality is deteriorating around the world because of rapid urbanization and …

Air pollution is a major environmental problem, which brings about a threat to human health
and the natural environment. Thus, determination and assessment of the level of air …

Air pollution is a matter of concern among the public, especially for those living in urban and
industrial areas. Markov chain modeling is often used to model the underlying dynamics of …

The present study evaluated the microbial removal of sulfur from a solid industrial waste in
liquid culture under laboratory conditions. The study involved the use of two bacteria …

The analysis of air pollution behavior is becoming crucial, where information on air pollution
behavior is vital for managing air quality events. Many studies have described the stochastic …

Introduction: The dynamics of land use and changes in vegetation cover is essential for
natural resource management. Objetive: To analyze the land use change in the micro …

Water is the most important source among the natural sources on the earth's surface for the
health of marine and near-shore ecosystems. Assessing water pollution in coastal areas is …

The Air Quality Index is a numerical tool used to quantify air pollution levels and classify
pollution severity. It plays a vital role in ensuring healthcare system stability by …