Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 belong to the T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine family, along with IL-3, IL-
5, and IL-9. These cytokines are key mediators of allergic inflammation. They have important …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and osteoarthritis (OA) affecting the facet joint of the
spine are biomechanically interdependent, typically occur in tandem, and have considerable …

Pathological calcification of cartilage is a hallmark of osteoarthritis (OA). Calcification can be
observed both at the cartilage surface and in its deeper layers. The formation of calcium …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent chronic joint diseases worldwide, which
causes a series of problems, such as joint pain, muscle atrophy, and joint deformities …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic osteoarthropathy characterized by the progressive
degeneration of articular cartilage and synovial inflammation. Early OA clinical treatments …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of the whole joint organ, characterized by the loss of
cartilage, and structural changes in bone including the formation of osteophytes, causing …

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) exosomes have been shown to alleviate immune
dysfunction and inflammation in preclinical animal models. This therapeutic effect is …

The Infrapatellar Fat Pad (IFP) is a fibro-adipose tissue of the knee recently reconsidered as
part of a single anatomo-functional unit (AFU) together with the synovial membrane (SM) …

Osteoarthritis (OA) has become recognized as a low-grade inflammatory state. Inflammatory
infiltration of the synovium by macrophages, T cells, B cells, and other immune cells is often …

Ubiquitination has important functions in osteoarthritis (OA), yet the mechanism remains
unclear. Here, we identify the regulator of G protein signaling 12 (RGS12) in macrophages …