Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an anti-tumor treatment method for a long
time and photosensitizers (PS) can be used in various types of tumors. Originally, light is an …

Autophagy is an intracellular degradative process that occurs under several stressful
conditions, including organelle damage, the presence of abnormal proteins, and nutrient …

Chemoresistant metastatic relapse of minimal residual disease plays a significant role for
poor prognosis of cancer. Growing evidence supports a critical role of cancer stem cell …

Cells with stem‐like properties, tumorigenic potential, and treatment‐resistant phenotypes
have been identified in many human malignancies. Based on the properties they share with …

Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity is one of the most relevant features of cancer cells
within different tumor types and is responsible for treatment failure. Cancer stem cells …

Simple Summary Cancer is one of the most debated problems all over the world. Cancer
stem cells are considered responsible of tumor initiation, metastasis, drug resistance, and …

Cancer stem cells (CSC s) are undifferentiated cancer cells with a high tumorigenic activity,
the ability to undergo self‐renewal, and a multilineage differentiation potential. Cancer stem …

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a blood supply system independent of endothelial vessels in
tumor cells from different origins. It reflects the plasticity of aggressive tumor cells that …

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor intracellular tyrosine kinase that plays an
essential role in cancer cell adhesion, survival, proliferation, and migration through both its …

Cancer is one of the most important health problems and the second leading cause of death
worldwide. Despite the advances in oncology, cancer heterogeneity remains challenging to …