Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They have
important physiological functions in maintaining tissue homeostasis but also contribute to …

The blood coagulation protein fibrinogen is deposited in the brain in a wide range of
neurological diseases and traumatic injuries with blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption …

Inflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. In this …

The interaction of coagulation factors with the perivascular environment affects the
development of disease in ways that extend beyond their traditional roles in the acute …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a term used to describe a series of properties possessed
by the vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly regulate the movement of …

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between cellular production of reactive oxygen species and
the counteracting antioxidant mechanisms. The brain with its high oxygen consumption and …

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous
system characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. The etiology of MS is unknown; …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the
central nervous system characterized by demyelination and axonal damage. Diagnosis and …

Blood-brain barrier disruption, microglial activation and neurodegeneration are hallmarks of
multiple sclerosis. However, the initial triggers that activate innate immune responses and …

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …