Newcastle disease (ND) is one of the highly pathogenic viral diseases of avian species. ND
is economically significant because of the huge mortality and morbidity associated with it …

The avian influenza A virus (AIV) is naturally prevalent in aquatic birds, infecting different
avian species and transmitting from birds to humans. Both AIVs, the H5N1 and H7N9 …

Background The avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross species barriers and expand its host
range from birds to mammals, even humans. Avian influenza is characterized by …

H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have spread widely to more than 60 countries spanning
three continents. To control the disease, vaccination of poultry is implemented in many of the …

It has been 20 years since Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was first used as a vector. The
past two decades have witnessed remarkable progress in vaccine generation based on the …

Antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses and the occasional introduction of influenza
viruses of novel subtypes into the human population complicate the timely production of …

Vaccination is a commonly used tool for the control of both low pathogenic and highly
pathogenic avian influenza (AI) viruses. Traditionally, inactivated adjuvanted vaccines made …

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for efficient vaccine platforms that can
rapidly be developed and manufactured on a large scale to immunize the population against …

The H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) has been introduced to
South Korea every 2 or 3 years via wild migratory waterfowls, causing devastating damages …

Abstract Since December 2014, Eurasian-origin, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5
viruses including H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 subtypes (called H5N x viruses), which belong to …