When biological material is transferred from one individual's body to another, as in ejaculate,
eggs, and milk, secondary donor-produced molecules are often transferred along with the …

Mammals, including humans, are reliant for survival and reproduction on adaptations
associated with sociality and physiological investment, which can be linked to interactions …

Abstract Background The spider Trichonephila antipodiana (Araneidae), commonly known
as the batik golden web spider, preys on arthropods with body sizes ranging from∼ 2 mm in …

Pigeons (Columba livia) are among a select few avian species that have developed a
specialized reproductive mode wherein the parents produce a 'milk'in their crop to feed …

Across the Metazoa, the emergence of new ecological interactions has been enabled by the
repeated evolution of exocrine glands. Specialized glands have arisen recurrently and with …

Among vertebrates, the yolk is commonly the only form of nutritional investment offered by
the female to the embryo. Some species, however, have developed parental care behaviors …

Many animal lineages produce and provision offspring with nutritive material such as milk,
lipid-enriched skin, or mucus. Some frogs deposit offspring into small pools of water known …

Maternal care benefits the survival and fitness of offspring, often at a cost to the mother's
future reproduction, and has evolved repeatedly throughout the animal kingdom. In extant …

Development is often strongly regulated by interactions among close relatives, but the
underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In eusocial insects, interactions …

Females typically outlive males in animals, especially in species that provide long-term
maternal care. However, life-history theory predicts that investments in reproduction, such as …