Micronuclei (MN) are extra-nuclear bodies that contain damaged chromosome fragments
and/or whole chromosomes that were not incorporated into the nucleus after cell division …

Variations in phenotype reflect the influence of environmental conditions during
development on cellular functions, including that of the genome. The recent integration of …

Neuropathic and inflammatory pain promote a large number of persisting adaptations at the
cellular and molecular level, allowing even transient tissue or nerve damage to elicit …

The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and
determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the …

Oxidative stress has been suggested to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
In particular, oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA as observed in schizophrenia is …

There are numerous examples in psychology and other disciplines of the enduring effects of
early experience on neural function. In this article, we review the emerging evidence for …

Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is …

The etiopathogenesis of mental disorders is not fully understood and accumulating evidence
support that clinical symptomatology cannot be assigned to a single gene mutation, but it …

Antidepressant treatments enhance plasticity and increase neurogenesis in the adult brain,
but it has been unclear how these effects influence mood. We propose that, like …

Pain is an unpleasant but essential-to-life sensation, usually resulting from tissue damage.
When pain persists long after the injury has resolved, it becomes pathological. The precise …