With the development of optical technologies, transparent materials that provide protection
from light have received considerable attention from scholars. As important channels for …

Two of the most fascinating bacterial nanomachines—the broadly disseminated rotary
flagellum at the heart of cellular motility and the eukaryotic cell–puncturing injectisome …

Virulence-associated type III secretion systems (T3SS) serve the injection of bacterial
effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells. They are able to secrete a great diversity of …

The bacterial flagellum is a complex and dynamic nanomachine that propels bacteria
through liquids. It consists of a basal body, a hook, and a long filament. The flagellar filament …

Echoing the repeated convergent evolution of flight and vision in large eukaryotes,
propulsive swimming motility has evolved independently in microbes in each of the three …

Shigella comprises four species of human-restricted pathogens causing bacillary dysentery.
While Shigella possesses multiple genetic loci contributing to virulence, a type III secretion …

Protein secretion through type-three secretion systems (T3SS) is critical for motility and
virulence of many bacteria. Proteins are transported through an export gate containing three …

Many Gram-negative bacteria, including causative agents of dysentery, plague, and typhoid
fever, rely on a type III secretion system–a multi-membrane spanning syringe-like apparatus …

Bacteria power rotation of an extracellular flagellar filament for swimming motility.
Thousands of flagellin subunits compose the flagellar filament, which extends several …

Shigella spp. are one of the leading causes of infectious diarrheal diseases. They are
Escherichia coli pathovars that are characterized by the harboring of a large plasmid that …