The analogy of mitochondria as powerhouses has expired. Mitochondria are living, dynamic,
maternally inherited, energy-transforming, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles that …

Lithium has been used for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) for the last sixty or more
years, and recent studies with more reliable designs and updated guidelines have …

Abstract Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase, NDU) and complex IV (cytochrome-c-oxidase,
COX) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain have been implicated in the …

Bipolar disorder is a decidedly heterogeneous and multifactorial disease, with a high
individual and societal burden. While not all patients display overt markers of elevated …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric illness characterized by severe and biphasic
changes in mood. Several pathophysiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by mood changes, including recurrent manic,
hypomanic, and depressive episodes, which may involve mixed symptoms. Despite the …

Lithium is the most effective and well established treatment for bipolar disorder, and it has a
broad array of effects within cellular pathways. However, the specific processes through …

Over the last six decades, lithium has been considered the gold standard treatment for the
long-term management of bipolar disorder due to its efficacy in preventing both manic and …

Background Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of
bipolar disorder (BD). Impediment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation results in a …

Preclinical evidence suggests that antidepressants (ADs) may differentially influence
mitochondrial energetics. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between …