The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune
functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory response. In the first part of this …

Since nuclear factor of κ‐light chain of enhancer‐activated B cells (NF‐κB) was discovered
in 1986, extraordinary efforts have been made to understand the function and regulating …

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a key cytokine regulating the development,
activation, proliferation, differentiation, and death of T cells. In CD4+ T cells, TGF-β maintains …

The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune
functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory responses. NF-κB induces the …

T helper type 17 (Th17) cells and pTreg cells, which share a common precursor cell (the
naïve CD4 T cell), require a common tumor growth factor (TGF)-β signal for initial …

The proper restraint of the destructive potential of the immune system is essential for
maintaining health. Regulatory T (Treg) cells ensure immune homeostasis through their …

Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell
receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure …

T regulatory cells suppress a variety of immune responses to self-antigens and play a role in
peripheral tolerance maintenance by limiting autoimmune disorders, and other pathological …

Gut commensal microbes shape the mucosal immune system by regulating the
differentiation and expansion of several types of T cell,,,,. Clostridia, a dominant class of …

Regulatory T cells (TReg cells), a specialized T cell lineage, have a pivotal function in the
control of self tolerance and inflammatory responses. Recent studies have revealed a …