Adverse toxicologic effects are categorized as chemical-based, on-target, or off-target
effects. Chemical-based toxicity is defined as toxicity that is related to the physicochemical …

The colon serves as the habitat for trillions of microbes, which it must maintain, regulate, and
sequester. This is managed by what is termed the mucosal barrier. The mucosal barrier …

As drug development shifts over time to address unmet medical needs and more targeted
therapies are developed, previously unseen pharmacological or off-target effects may occur …

Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer. The MAPK‐activated protein
kinase 2 (MK2) pathway controls multiple cellular processes including p38‐dependent …

The pig was introduced more than 20 years ago in drug development following attempts of
finding a species that shares better homology with human than the dog, based on …

Mapracorat is a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA), structurally distinct
from corticosteroids. In preclinical studies, mapracorat potently inhibits the production of a …

The porcine immune system has been studied especially with regard to infectious diseases
of the domestic pig, highlighting the economic importance of the pig in agriculture. Recently …

Purpose: To examine the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) phosphorylation and
transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression in rat colon enterocytes after …

The gastrointestinal tract of man and animals shows great specialization in structure and
function for its primary role of digestion. There are many species differences in diet, anatomy …

Abstracts Recombinant DNA technology enables the manufacture of proteins and antibodies
with a defined specificity and uniformity, which is a vast improvement over previous methods …