Globally, about 400 million people reside at terrestrial altitudes above 1500 m, and more
than 100 million lowlanders visit mountainous areas above 2500 m annually. The …

Protein kinase A (PKA) is a central regulator of cardiac performance and morphology.
Myocardial PKA activation is induced by a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters, and stress …

Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) modulate the neurohormonal regulation of
cardiac function by degrading cAMP and cGMP. In cardiomyocytes, multiple PDE isozymes …

Many of the effects of prototypical second messenger cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-
monophosphate (cAMP) on complex processes such as the regulation of fuel metabolism …

Cyclic AMP regulates a vast number of distinct events in all cells. Early studies established
that its hydrolysis by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) controlled both the …

Thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) has redox-sensitive cysteine residues and acts as an antioxidant in
cells. However, the extent of Trx1 contribution to overall antioxidant mechanisms is unknown …

Yeast silent information regulator 2 (Sir2), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–dependent
histone deacetylase (HDAC) and founding member of the HDAC class III family, functions in …

Rationale: Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases the force of contraction and rate of
ventricular relaxation by triggering protein kinase (PK) A-dependent phosphorylation of …

Background—Myocyte apoptosis plays an important role in pathological cardiac remodeling
and the progression of heart failure. cAMP signaling is crucial in the regulation of myocyte …

Cardiac hypertrophy is promoted by adrenergic over-activation and represents an
independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The basic knowledge …