Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration.
Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common …

The olfactory nervous system of insects and mammals exhibits many similarities, which
suggests that the mechanisms for olfactory learning may be shared. Molecular genetic …

Arousal is fundamental to many behaviors, but whether it is unitary or whether there are
different types of behavior-specific arousal has not been clear. In Drosophila, dopamine …

Habituation, where a response is reduced when exposed to a continuous stimulus is one of
the simplest forms of non-associative learning and has been shown in a number of …

The neural circuit mechanisms underlying emotion states remain poorly understood.
Drosophila offers powerful genetic approaches for dissecting neural circuit function, but …

Diverse invertebrate species have been used for studies of learning and comparative
cognition. Although we have gained invaluable information from this, in this study we argue …

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) include a large number of conditions such as Fragile
X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders and Down syndrome, among others. They are …

The mushroom bodies are distinctive neuropils in the protocerebral brain segments of many
protostomes. A defining feature of mushroom bodies is their intrinsic neurons, masses of …

To navigate complex environments, animals must generate highly robust, yet flexible,
locomotor behaviors. For example, walking speed must be tailored to the needs of a …

The idea that plants have minds can sound improbable, but some widely respected
contemporary scientists and philosophers find it plausible. It turns out to be rather tricky to …