The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, adequate-protein, and very-low-carbohydrate diet
regimen that mimics the metabolism of the fasting state to induce the production of ketone …

The brain requires a continuous supply of energy in the form of ATP, most of which is
produced from glucose by oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, complemented by …

Under normal physiological conditions the brain primarily utilizes glucose for ATP
generation. However, in situations where glucose is sparse, eg, during prolonged fasting …

Astrocytes play key roles in the regulation of brain energy metabolism, which has a major
impact on brain functions, including memory, neuroprotection, resistance to oxidative stress …

NAD+ is a pivotal metabolite involved in cellular bioenergetics, genomic stability,
mitochondrial homeostasis, adaptive stress responses, and cell survival. Multiple NAD+ …

Ketone body metabolism is a central node in physiological homeostasis. In this review, we
discuss how ketones serve discrete fine-tuning metabolic roles that optimize organ and …

During evolution, individuals whose brains and bodies functioned well in a fasted state were
successful in acquiring food, enabling their survival and reproduction. With fasting and …

The last decade has witnessed an exponentially growing interest in gut microbiota and the
gut-brain axis in health and disease. Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical …

Brain cells normally respond adaptively to bioenergetic challenges resulting from ongoing
activity in neuronal circuits, and from environmental energetic stressors such as food …

Exosomes are naturally occurring nanosized vesicles that have attracted considerable
attention as drug delivery vehicles in the past few years. Exosomes are comprised of natural …