In this review paper, only constraint and stress gradient approaches to transferability of
fracture toughness are examined. The different constraint parameters are defined and …

The girth weld is the weak link of high-grade pipeline, and its structural integrity affects the
safety of pipeline operation. Herein, the state of art of the weld metal strength and toughness …

Constraint can be divided into two conditions of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane, and each of
them has its own parameter to characterize. However, in most cases, there exists a …

In this paper, the specimens with different geometries and loading configurations were used
to study the unified correlation of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraints with fracture …

In this study, the fracture resistance of a dissimilar metal welded joint was measured by
single edge-notched bend specimens with different in-plane and out-of-plane constraints …

Previous studies on multi-axial fracture of metals have shown that the critical J-integral at
fracture may be less than the fracture toughness measured in a standard test. This gives rise …

This study investigates the in-plane and out-of-plane constraint parameters (namely Q, A 2,
h and T z) for clamped single-edge tension (SE (T)) specimens based on a comprehensive …

Extensive three-dimensional finite element analyses have been conducted for a large
amount of experimental specimens with a wide range of in-plane and out-of-plane …

The fracture toughness resistance curve (eg, JR curve and crack tip opening displacement
(CTOD) or δ-R curve) is important in facilitating strain-based design and integrity …

Constraint, defined as the resistance of a component against plastic deformation, has a
significant effect on the materials' fracture toughness. A loss of constraint can mean a higher …