It is commonly assumed that a person's emotional state can be readily inferred from his or
her facial movements, typically called emotional expressions or facial expressions. This …

In this review of 64 articles published since the year 2000, a strong association between self-
efficacy and student learning outcomes was apparent. Self-efficacy is also related to other …

In this study, we delve into the perceived quality of recommendations provided by AI-based
virtual service assistants (VSAs). Specifically, the role of the social presence of VSAs in …

Multimedia pedagogical agents are on-screen characters that allow users to navigate or
learn in multimedia environments. Several agents' characteristics may moderate their …

One way to increase students' participation in science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM) fields is to target their motivation. Researchers have conducted a …

Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are gaining interest to elicit user engagement and
stimulate actual use of eHealth applications. In this literature review, we identify the …

Adaptive learning and personalization have long been of great interest to learning designers
and educators, and recent technological advances that have opened up a range of new …

Research on the use of software programs and tools such as pedagogical agents has
peaked over the last decade. Pedagogical agents are on-screen characters that facilitate …

The main objective of this study is to determine whether boys and girls learn better when the
characteristics of the pedagogical agent are matched to the gender of the learner while …

Conversational Agents are becoming ubiquitous in our daily lives. They are used in various
areas including customer service, education, medicine, and entertainment. As tools that are …