Infections arising from multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria are spreading rapidly
throughout the world and threaten to become untreatable. The origins of resistance are …

Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Bile salts and bacteria have intricate relationships. The composition of the intestinal pool of
bile salts is shaped by bacterial metabolism. In turn, bile salts play a role in intestinal …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Researchers, clinicians and governments all recognize antimicrobial resistance as a serious
and growing threat worldwide. New antimicrobials are urgently needed, especially for …

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major problem in public health leading to an
estimated 4.95 million deaths in 2019. The selective pressure caused by the massive and …

Infectious diseases remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the
world. Relevant authorities including the WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern …

Simple Summary Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, especially that caused by Gram-
negative bacteria, have posed serious health issues worldwide. Bacteria have different …

Drug efflux protein complexes confer multidrug resistance on bacteria by transporting a wide
spectrum of structurally diverse antibiotics. Moreover, organisms can only acquire resistance …