Abstract Interpretation of clinical trials comparing different drug regimens for Parkinson's
disease (PD) is complicated by the different dose intensities used: higher doses of levodopa …

Pathophysiology The establishment of a model of parkinsonism through the administration
of MPTP to nonhuman primates has provided important insights into new therapeutic …

Object Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is increasingly prominent in the treatment of
various disorders refractory to medication. Despite the procedure's efficacy, the community …

Background In many patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, treatment with levodopa is
complicated by fluctuations between an “off” period (also referred to as “off medication”) …

Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects as many
as 1–2% of persons aged 60 years and older. With the aging of the population, the …

The functions of rewards are based primarily on their effects on behavior and are less
directly governed by the physics and chemistry of input events as in sensory systems …

Our understanding of the organization of the basal ganglia has advanced markedly over the
last 10 years, mainly due to increased knowledge of their anatomical, neurochemical and …

Abstract In 1992 the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations (CAPIT)
was published providing the minimal requirements for a common patient evaluation …

Background Increased neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and the pars interna of
the globus pallidus is thought to account for motor dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's …

Insight into the organization of the basal ganglia in the normal, parkinsonian and l-dopa-
induced dyskinesia states is critical for the development of newer and more effective …