Ultrasonographic appraisal of the optic nerve sheath diameter has become popular in recent
years as a useful diagnostic tool to detect intracranial pressure variations. Intracranial …

High-volume fluid injections into the spinal canal may lead to severe neurological
complications. But when anatomical or pathological conditions in the spinal canal are …

Background: Thoracolumbar or caudal epidural anesthesia affects intracranial pressure
(ICP) in both animals and humans. Epidural injection increases ICP at least transiently …

Background: In order to clarify the camera image and open the adhesions mechanically
during epiduroscopy, saline is injected continuously in the epidural area. As a result, an …

Epiduroscopy is a minimally invasive technique for the diagnosis and management of spinal
pathologic conditions. Epidural adhesions cause compression or restriction of the nerve …

Background: Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a condition in which
worsening vision occurs while in microgravity. It has been hypothesized that SANS is …

Epidural fibrosis are common reason of back pain, usually related with failed back spine
surgery with or without neurological deficits. Traditional open surgeries for surgical release …