The cycling of carbon on Earth exerts a fundamental influence upon the greenhouse gas
content of the atmosphere, and hence global climate over millennia. Until recently, ice …

A general review of the sub-seafloor biosphere is presented. This includes an update and
assessment of prokaryotic cell distributions within marine sediments, current deepest 1922 …

Liquid water has been known to occur beneath the Antarctic ice sheet for more than 40
years, but only recently have these subglacial aqueous environments been recognized as …

Glacier ecosystems are teeming with life on, beneath, and to a lesser degree, within their icy
masses. This conclusion largely stems from polar research, with less attention paid to …

Because there remains a lack of knowledge about the spatially explicit distribution of
chemical weathering rates at the global scale, a model that considers prominent first-order …

The occurrence of groundwater in Antarctica, particularly in the ice-free regions and along
the coastal margins is poorly understood. Here we use an airborne transient …

Plant nutrients can be recycled through microbial decomposition of organic matter but
replacement of base cations and phosphorus, lost through harvesting of biomass/biofuels or …

Runoff from small glacier systems contains dissolved organic carbon (DOC) rich in protein-
like, low molecular weight (LMW) compounds, designating glaciers as an important source …

Substantial parts of the beds of glaciers, ice sheets and ice caps are at the pressure melting
point. The resulting water harbours diverse subglacial microbial ecosystems, capable of …

Glacial comminution of bedrock generates fresh mineral surfaces capable of sustaining
chemotrophic microbial communities under the dark conditions that pervade subglacial …