It has become increasingly clear that the gut microbiota influences not only gastrointestinal
physiology but also central nervous system (CNS) function by modulating signalling …

The microbiota-gut-brain-axis (MGBA) is a bidirectional communication network between gut
microbes and their host. Many environmental and host-related factors affect the gut …

Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) remain a significant health, social and
economic problem around the globe. The development of therapeutic strategies for CNS …

Kynurenine (KYN), a main metabolite of tryptophan in mammals, is a direct precursor of
kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK). Under physiological …

Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic debris prevents buildup damage of neighbor neurons
and inflammatory responses. Whereas microglia are very competent phagocytes under …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) was first identified as the intracellular protein that
bound and mediated the toxic effects of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (or AhR) is a cytoplasmic receptor of pollutants. It translocates
into the nucleus upon binding to its ligands, and forms a heterodimer with ARNT (AhR …

Sporadic late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia
associated with aging. Due to the progressive aging of the population, AD is becoming a …

The antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis is a well-known evolutionary theory to explain the
aging process. It proposes that while a particular gene may possess beneficial effects during …

Local ischemia often causes a series of inflammatory reactions when both brain immune
cells and the peripheral immune response are activated. In the human body, the gut and …