Water plays a critical role in erosion and sediment transport and this relationship is most
evident in the hyperarid Atacama Desert of Northern Chile, a region characterized by …

The study of evolving interactions between species has progressed from descriptions of
adaptations and counteradaptations to a search for patterns and constraints affecting the …

We define 'enemy free space'as ways of living that reduce or eliminate a species'
vulnerability to one or more species of natural enemies. Many aspects of species' niches, in …

We present a handy mechanistic functional response model that realistically incorporates
handling (ie, attacking and eating) and digesting prey. We briefly review current functional …

Although crucial to our understanding of skeletal evolution in marine invertebrates, the cost
of calcification has remained elusive for a simple reason: CaCO3 is an inorganic material. Its …

The theory of evolution by natural selection requires the recognition of aptations. A given
genetic variant can be shown to have an advantage over another with respect to an …

Shell fragments are important components of many Recent and fossil marine benthic
ecosystems and can provide crucial information on past and present environmental …

The late Precambrian tube-forming Cloudina, the earliest known animal to produce a
mineralized exoskeleton, shows evidence of having been attacked by shell-boring …

The biomass of marine consumers increased during the Phanerozoic. This is indicated by
the increase in both fleshiness and average size of individuals of dominant organisms …

Paleontological research on predation has been expanding rapidly in scope, methods, and
goals. The growing assortment of research strategies and goals has led to increasing …