Multicellular organisms are constantly subjected to pathogens that might be harmful.
Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they possess highly effective anti …

Cells respond to invading pathogens and danger signals from the environment by adapting
gene expression to meet the need for protective effector molecules. While this innate …

Left-right asymmetries recurrently evolve in animals but the underlying developmental
mechanisms are unknown. In most Drosophila species, the male genitalia is symmetric and …