Honey bees can be found all around the world and fulfill key pollination roles within their
natural ecosystems, as well as in agriculture. Most species are typically docile, and most …

Local and systemic skeletal muscle degeneration is a common consequence of
envenomations due to snakebites and mass bee attacks. Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are …

These parameters were developed by the Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters,
representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI); the …

Stinging events involving honey bees and wasps are rare; most deaths or clinically
important incidents involve very few stings (< 10) and anaphylactic shock. However, mass …

Of the five families of snakes that contain species capable of envenoming humans, the
Elapidae and Viperidae are by far the most important from the medical point of view …

Envenomation by arachnids causes significant medical illness worldwide. Scorpion sting is
the most important arachnid envenomation causing adult morbidity and pediatric mortality …

The spread of Africanized bees in the American continent has increased the number of
severe envenomation after swarm attacks. Acute renal failure (ARF) is one of the major …

Many familiar Hymenoptera are brightly colored and can sting painfully–thus, their threat
and clinical importance may be exaggerated. Most stinging insects only sting to defend …

Apis mellifera venom is comprised basically of melittin, phospholipase A2, histamine,
hyaluronidase, catecholamine and serotonin. Some of these components have been …

Bee stings can cause severe reactions and have caused many victims in the last years.
Allergic reactions can be triggered by a single sting and the greater the number of stings, the …