The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes,
including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic …

Hepatic steatosis is an underlying feature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which
is the most common form of liver disease and is present in up to∼ 70% of individuals who …

Obesity and insulin resistance are the major predisposing factors to comorbidities, such as
Type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative …

Clear evidence indicates that cytokines, for instance, adipokines, hepatokines, inflammatory
cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, contribute substantially to the development of …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a key role in innate immunity by activating an
inflammatory signaling pathway. Free fatty acids (FFAs) stimulate adipose tissue …

Obesity is accompanied by the activation of low-grade inflammatory activity in metabolically
relevant tissues. Studies have shown that obesity-associated insulin resistance results from …

The final step of biomineralization is a chemical precipitation reaction that occurs
spontaneously in supersaturated or metastable salt solutions. Genetic programs direct …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease
in developed countries and it is now considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease …

The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a metabolic sensor of
energy metabolism at the cellular as well as whole-body level. It is activated by low energy …

Obesity is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
(NAFLD). Recent studies identify mechanisms common to both diseases linked through an …