This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Switches between different behavioral states of the animal are associated with prominent
changes in global brain activity, between sleep and wakefulness or from inattentive to …

The purpose of this study was to review potential, physiological, hormonal and neuronal
mechanisms that may mediate the sleep changes. This paper investigates the literatures …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is an important component of the natural sleep/wake
cycle, yet the mechanisms that regulate REM sleep remain incompletely understood …

The dopamine system is involved in motivation, reward and learning, and dysfunction in this
system has been implicated in several disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and …

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) has long been considered an interface between the
basal ganglia and motor systems, and its ability to regulate arousal states puts the PPN in a …

Midbrain dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and retrorubral
field play key roles in reward processing, learning and memory, and movement. Within these …

Distributed within the laterodorsal tegmental and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei (LDT
and PPT), cholinergic neurons in the pontomesencephalic tegmentum have long been …

The pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) nucleus has long been implicated in the regulation
of cortical activity and behavioral states, including rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep. For …